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Title Multiset Semantics in SPARQL, Relational Algebra, and Datalog
Authors Renzo Angles, Claudio Gutierrez, Daniel Hernández
Publication date 2026
Abstract The paper analyzes and characterizes the algebraic and
logical
structure of the multiset semantics for SPARQL patterns involving AND,
UNION, FILTER, EXCEPT, and SELECT. To do this, we align SPARQL with two
well-established query languages: Datalog and Relational Algebra.
Specifically, we study (i) a version of nonrecursive Datalog with safe
negation extended to support multisets, and (ii) a multiset relational
algebra comprising projection, selection, natural join, arithmetic union,
and except. We prove that these three formalisms are expressively equivalent
under multiset semantics.
Pages 1-51
Volume 17
Journal name Semantic Web
Publisher IOS Press (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)